Technology & Politics
The Graveyard of Ambitions: Why Foreign Powers Have Always Lost Afghanistan
From Alexander the Great to the United States, every major power that has attempted to pacify Afghanistan has withdrawn in failure, following a script so consistent it reads less like coincidence and more like law. The reasons are not geographic mysticism or cultural exceptionalism — they are rooted in the unchanging psychology of loyalty, legitimacy, and local identity. If American policymakers had read the historical record more carefully, the outcome of the post-2001 intervention might have surprised no one.
Mar 13, 2026
